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Economic and social systems are sub-systems of the global environment; sustainability in the economic and social spheres is subordinate to sustainability of the environment. Development, from the ecological viewpoint, is seen to refer to the “capacity of an ecosystem to respond positively to change and opportunity” or the “maintenance of ecosystems’ dynamic capacity to respond adaptively” (Golley, 1990). The key property to be sustained then is the capacity of ecosystems to respond with resilience to external perturbations and changes.
OECD, Glossary of Statistical Terms, (accessed 10/2022)
OECD, Glossary of Statistical Terms, (accessed 10/2022)
